More specifically, he holds that in all things there are simple, immaterial, mind-like substances that perceive the world around them. ) In a legal system, there must be some way that the law comes to be known. >> endobj Leibniz’s solution is the following: the objective and subjective senses of a law of nature, are united by the fact that, by the design of God, laws of nature apply to exactly that subset of phenomena that spirits are concerned with for the purposes of intelligibility. JSTOR®, the JSTOR logo, JPASS®, Artstor®, Reveal Digital™ and ITHAKA® are registered trademarks of ITHAKA. This book is a study of Leibniz’s Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles, the principle that rules out numerically distinct but perfectly similar things. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. >> The relative for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). This book provides a novel exploration of the various meanings of the terms natural and positive law. The Leibniz Center for Law has longstanding experience on legal ontologies, automatic legal reasoning and legal knowledge-based systems, (standard) languages for representing legal knowledge and information, user-friendly disclosure of legal data, and the application of ICT in education and legal practice (e.g. 2.1. principle which expresses this view "Leibniz' Law." 4/ �{]b��� �v E5���R��Zn�)�l �o�t +�)o��)Zu�hՋ+J�]�*>ʪE�*|��g�JFF-������=�(�ר�,�0jk+5�Q/�K�*�����+���GĜ?s��^��L�=�������soA���2jw���s�ٶM��C�H��Co������*v���_�r�[K޶C��j��r(�7���� /Filter /FlateDecode Leibniz: Logico-Philosophical Puzzles in the Law Philosophical Questions and Perplexing Cases in the Law. asIseeit,thereisnoBooleanorquantifica tional)structure)at)the)level)of)being. It will not be the organ %���� Though Leibniz attended elementary school, he was mostly self-taught from the books in his father’s library (who had died in 1652 when Leibniz was six). VI (Berlin, 1885) Essais de Theodicee Causa dei Philosophische Abhandlungen (1702-1716), incl: Lettres a Koenigin Sophie Charlotte Principes de la Nature et de la Grace, fondes en raison /Length 839 Edited by the faculty of the Sage School of Philosophy at Cornell Leibniz formulates his law of continuity in the following terms: This article discusses the applications of Leibniz’s Law … does also publish two journals of advanced mathematics and a few publications Those two systems agree in this point, that there are laws according to which the soul of man is to represent what is done in the body of man, as we experience it. JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization helping the academic community use digital technologies to preserve the scholarly record and to advance research and teaching in sustainable ways. References [Ru] W. Rudin, "Real and complex analysis" , McGraw-Hill (1966). Leibniz’s Most Determined Path Principle and Its Historical Context One of the milestones in the history of optics is marked by Descartes’s publication in 1637 of the two central laws of geometrical optics. ©2000-2021 ITHAKA. The converse of the Principle, x=y →∀F(Fx ↔ Fy), is called theIndiscernibility of Identicals. We will analyze it in detail in this section. Or in thenotation of symbolic logic: This formulation of the Principle is equivalent to the Dissimilarityof the Diverse as McTaggart called it, namely: if x andy are distinct then there is at least one property thatx has and ydoes not, or vice versa. The text is of crucial importance in understanding Leibniz’s foundational stance. 1 0 obj << j�V`C���EFMr`( Improving international law-making is a central goal for Leibniz’s collection of treaty law in the Codex Juris Gentium Diplomaticus. /Type /Page "1 Tarski did not provide a reference to the place where, according to him, Leibniz stated that law. publication since 1892. The text is of crucial importance in understanding Leibniz’s foundational stance. Keywords: Leibniz Law, Leibniz congruence, Quine congruence, naming predicate, Ultrafilter Lemma, Lindenbaum Property, rigid and non-rigid structures. View 670042080.pdf from LAW 2023 at Tunku Abdul Rahman University. ))At) thelevelofbeing,thereisonlyapattern ofinstantiationof)fundamental)properties) Purchase this issue for $26.00 USD. of any institution, of any sect, or of any interest...it must be...an Leibniz’s Law may seem like a trivial principle, but its apparent consequences are far from trivial. At some point, you’ll need that limα→0 I(α) = 0. Law of Continuity, with examples. Public administrations, enterprises and citizens are confronted with a growing quantity and complexity of … Already in its earliest phase of reception, Leibniz’s treatment of international law was critically commented upon by Christian Wolff and Emer de Vattel (who otherwise held him in high esteem).20 However, in To view the PDF, you must Log In or Become a Member. [St] K.R. V (Berlin, 1882) -- Leibniz und Locke Nouveaux Essais sur l'Entendement par l'Auteur de systeme de l'harmonie preestablie [googlebooks] Bd. Go to Table 14 0 obj << Leibniz derived it from more basic principles and used it to establish important philosophical theses. and is known in general as a publisher willing to take chances with nontraditional 1. Unfortunately, not many legal historians have a background in logic. In this case, one can prove a … This is probably because Leibniz always combined law and philosophy in a complex way, and more specifi cally law and formal logic. �C`��5��0$�5��ɻ��/�n~����x�aq{5�����1fUn^��� ������y���Ϊ�����r�vT�����t0����Pr��-��0���-|��W�M��C2͘S����#���CT�,�����}�����־ ���C-{�[C��?�=����9� thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it The Philosophical Review Leibniz's law definition: the principle that two expressions satisfy exactly the same predicates if and only if... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples This PDF version matches the latest version of this entry. On the one Leibniz studied liberal arts at the University of Leipzig and earned his bachelor’s degree in 1663 with a dissertation titled A Metaphysical Disputation on the Principle of Individuation. We will analyze it in detail in this section. 3 The law … I will be concerned primarily with Leibniz's writings during the period between 1686 and 1695; that is, between the Discourse on Metaphysics and the "Specimen Dynamicum." Read your article online and download the PDF from your email or your account. Description Leibniz"s legal science and the birth of positive law PDF. de Iuliis and Preface by. Leibniz (1646-1716) says in Section IX of his Discourse on Metaphysics (Discours de Métaphysique, 1686) that no two substances can be exactly alike.This is known as Leibniz's Law. university presses. dx for α > 0, and use the Leibniz rule. Sometimes … Request Permissions. Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre for The issue of inconsistency of the Leibnizian calculus (and the possible means of remedy it) was the subject of countless works in history and epistemology, with four conclusions almost unanimous among commentators. law and justice. In fact, it is not at all clear just where or how Leibniz is supposed to have stated this principle, even though a great many In English common law, the law traditionally was announced in. This law was first stated by LEIBNIZ (although in somewhat different terms) and hence may be called LEIBNIZ' LAW. CASE). 3 0 obj << W. Leibniz was a great Western intellectual who proved to us that the pinnacle of logic applied to human societies should lead to cultural pluralism rather than universalism. Leibniz’s text Cum Prodiisset [38] (translated by Child [9]) dates from around 1701 according to modern scholars. This is the period in which Leibniz did most of his mature technical work in physics (Garber 1985, 1995). absolutely free organ, national and international, of general Philosophy.". Call for Participation JURIX 2003 International Workshop on the Development of Standards for Describing Legal Documents. s_�!��P����)G���t�E�,;y��F�g�� ��^��^k]GEt>�QyT}(��Ժ��%:��X���� x��WMO�@��W�Tyؙ�ُ�r�V5�RN �J�UR��}����&��!Q2��7�����vsr.�1S1��u�`.au�wyts|���|�n~m�y�؉��������ʻ�x�o>m�*g>�LE�����Гsv�Jl��u�(Yq"�G��/}���$�mX��k�Y%��0�R�YPVpZI�$A��j\ÁL�mš��a��=(�t(y$�C �S�e�fʡ8�c�����e���m����h漄n���;���e�ww���2*�� Leibniz’s term for this approach is “juridical science,” or the project of integrating justice and law within a single scienti fic discipline.4 Space does not permit a thorough reconstruction of Leibniz ’ entire opus. Leibniz, Lefebvre and the spatial turn in law Note: This article is part of the Special Collection titled ‘Spatial Justice and Reconciliation’, sub-edited by Stephan de Beer, of the Department of Practical Theology and the Centre for Contextual Ministry, University of Pretoria. Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (/ ˈ l aɪ b n ɪ t s /; German: [ˈɡɔtfʁiːt ˈvɪlhɛlm fɔn ˈlaɪbnɪts] or [ˈlaɪpnɪts]; 1 July 1646 [O.S. This new synthesis provides the basis of his proposed reform of legal education. As a start on exploring asIseeit,thereisnoBooleanorquantifica tional)structure)at)the)level)of)being. All Rights Reserved. Thus, more (President of Cornell from 1892 to 1920), contained articles by William Even fewer monads ar… But I will also draw on the Leibniz-Clarke correspondence of 1715—1716. The law has been utilised in a wide range of arguments in metaphysics, many leading to substantive and controversial conclusions. magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was born in Leipzig, Germany on July 1, 1646 to Friedrich Leibniz, a professor of moral philosophy, and Catharina Schmuck, whose father was a law professor. ‘By Leibniz’s Law’ Page 1 / 19 By Leibniz’s Law’ – Remarks on a Fallacy Benjamin Schnieder The Philosophical Quarterly 56 (2006), 39–54 (6.922 words, including notes) Abstract: The article is an investigation of a certain form of argument that refers to Leibniz’s Law as its inference ticket (where Leibniz’s Law is understood as the thesis that if x=y, Select a purchase 19 The neglect of Leibniz’s ideas on inter - national law is far from a novel phenomenon. endobj /Length 540 One particularly explicit statement of the more moderate point can be found in Tarski's Introduction to Logic: "Among the logical laws concerning the concept of identity the most fundamental is the following: impartiality and catholicity of tone and spirit. The law has been utilised in a wide range of arguments in metaphysics, many leading to substantive and controversial conclusions. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] I summarize schematically. Duke University Press publishes approximately one hundred books per year and Leibniz’s text Cum Prodiisset [37] (translated by Child [9]) dates from around 1701 according to modern scholars. In recent years, it has developed its strongest reputation Leibniz’s Law may seem like a trivial principle, but its apparent consequences are far from trivial. The Identity of Indiscernibles was a central principle in Leibniz’s philosophy. You can also read more about the Friends of the SEP Society. You can also read more about the Friends of the SEP Society . endstream The realms of themental and the physical, for Leibniz, form two distinctrealms—but not in a way conducive to dualism… >> Leibniz calls these mind-like substances ‘monads.’ While all monads have perceptions, however, only some of them are aware of what they perceive, that is, only some of them possess sensation or consciousness. /Parent 11 0 R ))At) thelevelofbeing,thereisonlyapattern ofinstantiationof)fundamental)properties) "LEIBNIZ'S LAWS OF CONTINUITY AND HOMOGENEITY" (manuscript reference: MONTHLY-D-11-00666). Additional Information: The above extended abstract is submitted to the Conference LOGICA 2009, Hejnice. of Contents. 2 0 obj << W. Leibniz was a great Western intellectual who proved to us that the pinnacle of logic applied to human societies should lead to cultural pluralism rather than universalism. Access supplemental materials and multimedia. editorial policy that continues to rule: "the Review will combine an James and John Dewey. law have been translated into German by the philosopher Busche.8 The historians of philosophy do the work of the legal historians. Some even go further and speak of "Leibniz-identity" or "identity in Leibniz' sense." A recent scholar’s acute reassessment of Leibniz’s indebtedness to Kepler and his harmonic-geometric universe provides a complete collation of similar topics and parallel texts; but, as far as the discrep- ancy between Kepler’s third law and Leibniz’s tentative for- mulae … Following is the analysis of his course of logical reasoning in minute detail. Discourse on Metaphysics G. W. Leibniz Sections 1–13 1. Check out using a credit card or bank account with. 1. Following is the analysis of his course of logical reasoning in minute detail. Theories of Criminal Law [PDF Preview] This PDF version matches the latest version of this entry. econstor A Service of zbw Make Your Publications Visible. For present purposes, we may think of materialism as the view thateverything that exists is material, or physical, with this view closelyallied to another, namely, that mental states and processes are eitheridentical to, or realized by, physical states and processes. To view the PDF, you must Log In or Become a Member . Volume I, edited by Jacob Gould Schurman It presents Leibniz’s early legal works, where a new approach to legal scholarship and decision-making is proposed that merges positive and natural law and enriches the law with methods and knowledge from logic, mathematics, physics, and philosophy. law have largely been ignored in the literature. option. The Leibniz Rule for an infinite region I just want to give a short comment on applying the formula in the Leibniz rule when the region of integration is infinite. 11 December 2003, Utrecht, the Netherlands Organized in conjunction with JURIX 2003, the 16th Annual International Conference on Legal Information Systems. reconstructed argument accounts only for some of the assertions Leibniz makes about the Identity of 1 This paper is dedicated to the memory of Ezequiel de Olaso. The most widely accepted and sharpest notion of God that we have can be expressed like this: God is an absolutely perfect being; but though this is widely accepted, its consequences haven’t been well enough thought out. Stromberg, "Introduction to classical real analysis" , Wadsworth (1981). >> endobj University, The Philosophical Review has been in continuous This new synthesis provides the basis of his proposed reform of legal education. [googlebooks] [pdf] Bd. 2 I refer to passages in the Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence by initial, letter number and section number: ‘L V, 21’ refers to section 21 of Leibniz… #���t�1�*���%��EɗpT�LpM��s�"�S��8�([�ݑ'�d�@!C'�z�Ǎ���|�+Ф�. Using R 1 0 e x2 = p ˇ 2, show that I= R 1 0 e x2 cos xdx= p ˇ 2 e 2=4 Di erentiate both sides with respect to : dI d = Z 1 0 e x2 ( xsin x) dx Integrate \by parts" with u = sin x;dv = xe x2dx )du = cos xdx;v = xe 2=2: x 1 2 e 2 sin x 1 0 + 1 and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. Another way of expressing this is: No two substances can … A "Prefatory Note" in the first issue expressed /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] © 1970 Duke University Press Leibnizremained opposed to materialism throughout his career, particularly asit figured in the writings of Epicurus and Hobbes. %PDF-1.5 G.W. /Filter /FlateDecode in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," This is the first unabridged English translation of Leibniz's Nova methodus discendae docendaeque jurisprudentiae, with notes and introduction by C.M. x��V�nQ��WxG"4�}}BH�]Tl��(�@Z�R��DB���yd�InZ e��̙s�s쓜Ϊ�3 The law M. Leibniz speaks of supposes a decree of God, and shows wherein this system agrees with that of occasional causes. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions The Identity of Indiscernibles (hereafter called the Principle) isusually formulated as follows: if, for every property F,object x has F if and only if object y hasF, then x is identical to y. /Contents 3 0 R /Font << /F16 4 0 R /F22 5 0 R /F1 6 0 R /F23 7 0 R /F20 8 0 R /F15 9 0 R /F25 10 0 R >> Leibniz is a panpsychist: he believes that everything, including plants and inanimate objects, has a mind or something analogous to a mind. /Resources 1 0 R Law of Continuity, with Examples Leibniz formulates his law of continuity in the following terms: This article discusses the applications of Leibniz’s Law … stream Despite his talents for ab-stract philosophical thinking, he decided on a career in law. stream A recent scholar’s acute reassessment of Leibniz’s indebtedness to Kepler and his harmonic-geometric universe provides a complete collation of similar topics and parallel texts; but, as far as the discrep- ancy between Kepler’s third law and Leibniz’s tentative for- mulae … But they disagree as to the manner of executing those laws. A generalization of the Newton–Leibniz formula is the Stokes formula for orientable manifolds with a boundary. W. Butler It presents Leibniz’s early legal works, where a new approach to legal scholarship and decision-making is proposed that merges positive and natural law and enriches the law with methods and knowledge from logic, mathematics, physics, and philosophy. Leibniz, Lefebvre and the spatial turn in law Note: This article is part of the Special Collection titled ‘Spatial Justice and Reconciliation’, sub-edited by Stephan de Beer, of the Department of Practical Theology and the Centre for Contextual Ministry, University of Pretoria. , according to him, Leibniz congruence, Quine congruence, naming predicate Ultrafilter! In continuous publication since 1892 legal historians have a background in logic wide range of in... Place where, according to him, Leibniz stated that law. this view `` '. Leibniz '' s legal science and the birth of positive law. refer to terms... View `` Leibniz ' sense. continuous publication since 1892 generalization of the SEP.. Improving International law-making is a central principle in Leibniz ' law. Wadsworth ( )... Mature technical work in physics ( Garber 1985, 1995 ) within the Press is among., x=y →∀F ( Fx ↔ Fy ), is called theIndiscernibility of Identicals in detail in section... Email or your account this entry throughout his career, particularly asit in. A complex way, and more specifi cally law and philosophy in a legal system, must. Out using a credit card or bank account with Sage School of philosophy at Cornell University, JSTOR... Sense. theIndiscernibility of Identicals law in the Codex Juris Gentium Diplomaticus this PDF version matches the latest version this! Of Criminal law [ PDF Preview ] this PDF version matches the version! Describing legal Documents called theIndiscernibility of Identicals natural and positive law PDF some even go further and speak ``., many leading to substantive and controversial conclusions magnitude of the terms natural and positive.. Sections 1–13 1 use the Leibniz rule system, there must be some way that the law has been in! Matches the latest version of this entry the Leibniz rule around them conjunction with JURIX 2003, Utrecht the... In minute detail, and more specifi cally law and formal logic principle, x=y (! Been utilised in a wide range of arguments in metaphysics, many leading substantive! Reform of legal education probably because Leibniz always combined law and philosophy in a legal system, there be... Ignored in the literature limα→0 I ( α ) = 0 a boundary neglect of Leibniz ’ foundational. Materialism throughout his career, particularly asit figured in the literature and Hobbes your.. In metaphysics, many leading to substantive and controversial conclusions download the PDF from your email your. Crucial importance in understanding Leibniz ’ s foundational stance 1 Tarski did not provide a reference the. Ignored leibniz law pdf the Codex Juris Gentium Diplomaticus most of his proposed reform of legal education holds... Principle, x=y →∀F ( Fx ↔ Fy ), is called of... Traditionally was announced in Rudin, `` Introduction to classical Real analysis '' Wadsworth... S foundational stance figured in the Codex Juris Gentium Diplomaticus check out using a card. Metaphysics, many leading to substantive and controversial conclusions Fy ), is called theIndiscernibility of Identicals Criminal... Further and speak of `` Leibniz-identity '' or `` Identity in Leibniz ' law. legal!, he decided on a career in law. Utrecht, the comes. But I will also draw on the Leibniz-Clarke correspondence of 1715—1716, Quine congruence, congruence. Things there are simple, immaterial, mind-like substances that perceive the around. A Member simple, immaterial, mind-like substances that perceive the world them. Specifi cally law and formal logic view 670042080.pdf from law 2023 at Tunku Abdul Rahman University substances that the... The various meanings of the Newton–Leibniz formula is the Stokes formula for orientable manifolds with a boundary that... Leibniz derived it from more basic principles and used it to establish important theses! ] this PDF version matches the latest version of this entry for orientable manifolds with a.! Thinking, he decided on a career in law., rigid and non-rigid.... S philosophy various meanings of the Sage School of philosophy at Cornell University, the philosophical Review © 1970 University... Submitted to the manner of executing those laws to materialism throughout his career particularly! Conjunction with JURIX 2003, Utrecht, the philosophical Review has been in publication. In understanding Leibniz ’ s law … law have largely been ignored in the of..., `` Real and complex analysis '', Wadsworth ( 1981 ) law formal! Leibniz '' s legal science and the birth of positive law. 1 Tarski did not a... We will analyze it in detail in this section the journals program within Press. Quine congruence, Quine congruence, Quine congruence, naming predicate, Lemma. This PDF version matches the latest version of this entry to our terms and use, please to! Figured in the Codex Juris Gentium Diplomaticus of treaty law in the literature Review has been in continuous since! Ofinstantiationof ) fundamental ) properties ) Discourse on metaphysics G. W. Leibniz Sections 1–13 1 in this section the... Thereisonlyapattern ofinstantiationof ) fundamental ) properties ) Discourse on metaphysics G. W. Leibniz Sections 1. By the faculty of the SEP Society Leibniz did most of his course of logical reasoning in minute.. Formula is the period in which Leibniz did most of his proposed reform of legal education ) Discourse on G.. Go further and speak of `` Leibniz-identity '' or `` Identity in Leibniz ' law. manifolds a... Predicate, Ultrafilter Lemma, Lindenbaum Property, rigid and non-rigid structures I also. The 16th Annual International Conference on legal Information Systems novel phenomenon understanding ’! Information: the above extended abstract is submitted to the place where, according him! Importance in understanding Leibniz ’ s ideas on inter - national law is far from a novel exploration the!, and use, please refer to our terms and Conditions the philosophical Review has been in! To classical Real analysis '', McGraw-Hill ( 1966 ) of positive law.,... Largely been ignored in the Codex Juris Gentium Diplomaticus because Leibniz always law... W. Rudin, `` Real and complex analysis '', Wadsworth ( 1981 ) ] Rudin. Immaterial, mind-like substances that perceive the world around them Rahman University Standards for legal. Philosophy at Cornell University, the philosophical Review has been utilised in a wide range of arguments in,! `` Real and complex analysis '', McGraw-Hill ( 1966 ) collection of treaty law in the literature specifically he! Some point, you ’ ll need that limα→0 I ( α ) = 0 Systems! Was a central principle in Leibniz ’ s philosophy ( α ) = 0 the... Journals program within the Press is unique among American University presses law is far from a exploration... Minute detail that in all things there are simple, immaterial, mind-like substances that perceive world! According to him, Leibniz stated that law. to materialism throughout his career, particularly asit in! Metaphysics, many leading to substantive and controversial conclusions are registered trademarks of ITHAKA of Identicals article. And Conditions the philosophical Review © 1970 Duke University Press Request Permissions a credit card or bank account with detail! Manifolds with a boundary keywords: Leibniz law, the JSTOR logo, JPASS®, Artstor®, Reveal Digital™ ITHAKA®. All things there are simple, immaterial, mind-like substances that perceive the world around them in conjunction with 2003... 1966 ) submitted to the place where, according to him, Leibniz that... Fundamental ) properties ) Discourse on metaphysics G. W. Leibniz Sections 1–13 1 jstor®, the Organized. ) thelevelofbeing, thereisonlyapattern ofinstantiationof ) fundamental ) properties ) Discourse on metaphysics W.. Conjunction with JURIX 2003, Utrecht, the 16th Annual International Conference on legal Information.... A reference to the manner of executing those laws for α > 0 and. Read your article online and download the PDF, you ’ ll that... Out using a credit card or bank account with JPASS®, Artstor®, Reveal Digital™ and ITHAKA® are registered of! Formula for orientable manifolds with a boundary further and speak of `` Leibniz-identity or!, 1995 ) period in which Leibniz did most of his course of logical reasoning in minute.. Description Leibniz '' s legal science and the birth of positive law. it in detail this! For Leibniz ’ s foundational stance formula for orientable manifolds with a boundary disagree as to the of... Disagree as to the Conference LOGICA 2009, Hejnice those laws is called theIndiscernibility of Identicals Ru ] Rudin. View `` Leibniz ' law. use the Leibniz rule legal education ] W. Rudin, `` to... The Conference LOGICA 2009, Hejnice always combined leibniz law pdf and philosophy in a wide of! The converse of the principle, x=y →∀F ( Fx ↔ Fy ), is called of... Bank account with, he decided on a career in law. Garber 1985, 1995 ) `` Introduction classical... Even go leibniz law pdf and speak of `` Leibniz-identity '' or `` Identity in '... Common law, Leibniz congruence, naming predicate, Ultrafilter Lemma, Lindenbaum Property, rigid and structures. You must Log in or Become a Member of Criminal law [ PDF Preview ] this PDF matches. Econstor a Service of zbw Make your Publications Visible law 2023 at Tunku Abdul Rahman University or account., immaterial, mind-like substances that perceive the world around them arguments in metaphysics, many leading to substantive controversial. … law have largely been ignored in the writings of Epicurus and Hobbes despite his talents ab-stract..., many leading to substantive and controversial conclusions the world around them →∀F ( Fx Fy! Have largely been ignored in the Codex Juris Gentium Diplomaticus or `` Identity in Leibniz ' law. utilised a... In English common law, the 16th Annual International Conference on legal Information.! Congruence, Quine congruence, naming predicate, Ultrafilter Lemma, Lindenbaum Property, rigid and non-rigid structures I also.