Similarly, those working to address “modern slavery” have given little attention to the health impact of trafficking. While migration within and across national borders has been an economic and social mobility strategy that has benefited millions of people around the world, there is growing recognition that labor exploitation of migrant workers has become a problem of global proportions. Labor exploitation can be seen as a health determinant and preventable social problem and benefit from public health prevention approaches that target the harm before it occurs [27]. Psychotherapy in a Rapidly Changing World, Benzodiazepines for PTSD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. It has become increasingly recognized that this “hidden crime” is far more prevalent in the United States than has been apparent, and there is no shortage of factors that make some of us susceptible, as described above (eg, economic hardship, natural disasters, political instability). Workers are rarely provided personal protective equipment (PPE) or medical insurance and few workplaces are equipped with health or safety measures, especially in less regulated sectors. You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. Political Science Literature International Affairs History Business & Communications All Topics - Call for Submissions - Social Sciences. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Debts and other financial obligations, including for medical care, can increase survivors’ vulnerability to further exploitation [49]. March, 2018. suggest there are 2.3 million work-attributable deaths annually, with the greater share of work-related morbidity and injuries in low-income countries, and highlight the gradual shift of hazardous labor to Asia, in particular [22]. The truly inhuman cruelty inflicted on these sufferers can be almost unimaginable. Department of Homeland Security. The second wave of the anti-sex trafficking movement is still active. Search in: Advanced search. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 Women and children predominate: in 1 global study, up to 49% of the victims were women and 33% were children. This brings us back to the proposition we posed initially: human trafficking should be considered a global health concern. Household debt can push people to accept extortionate job placement or employment terms and conditions—and, conversely, people may take out loans at difficult repayment rates to fund their migration [49]. In 2007, Polaris instituted the National Human Trafficking Resource Center (NHTRC) where callers can report tips and receive information on human trafficking. At the moment, there are at the very least 510 known trafficking flows all over the world. Since the American and European continents were involved as buyers, and the different African groups were both items of trade and middlemen, it is the first known international flow of human trafficking.However, prior to the first law against slavery by the British in 1807, this trade was both legal and government-tolerated. Gordon and colleagues make the case for an integrated care approach—a persuasive recommendation particularly apt for this population, given the broad range of physical and psychological damage that is often involved. 15 minute read • December 17, 2020. A systematic review on health and human trafficking found that survivors experienced multiple forms of abuse, numerous sector-specific occupational hazards, and dangerous living conditions [9] and suffered a range of poor health consequences. At the same time, however, there has been limited evidence on the social, financial, and legal harm suffered by trafficked persons—which often have further implications for ill health. First, in terms of prevalence, when compared with other well-recognised global health problems such as the approximately 35 million people infected with HIV or the 1 million girls under age 15 who give birth every year [60, 61], human trafficking seems to deserve similar attention, with current estimates at approximately 40.3 million people [1]. Human trafficking is the form of modern slavery, and it disgusts all the good-souled people, but today we have come up with a list of real life human trafficking examples and stories. Today human trafficking is a $32 billion-a-year industry. Moreover, theoretical or policy frameworks are required to look specifically at the ways that individual, group, and structural factors (including economic, social, legal, and policy-related aspects) influence exploitation and health along a migration trajectory, which can guide our search for evidence to inform interventions [28–31]. nation, drug trafficking will continue to flourish in other regions. Of course, some of these images are hyperboles and stereotypes, but they are rooted in truth. As the first medical journal collection on human trafficking, exploitation, and health, the PLOS collection offers a good start towards gaining greater attention from the health sector. Trafficking is a form of human slavery, manifested largely through the sex industry but also in labor. Lippincott Journals Subscribers, use your username or email along with your password to log in. In introducing the Modern Slavery Act 2015, Theresa May seized a political opportunity to address the egregious violations of human rights associated with human trafficking and avowed a victim-centred approach, with a view to ‘always keeping the plight of victims at the very heart of our policies and in everything we do’ (May 2013: ii). Women and girls make up the majority of sex trafficking victims. And which also, quoting from the above, involve “the use of force, fraud, or coercion.” Just pick one example: the #MeToo movement has dominated recent headlines, revealing long ignored sexual harassment of junior employees by powerful and morally corrupt bosses. ... books and articles on the human trafficking. Moreover, when one family member is disabled, other family members, including children, may be pushed into exploitative situations. Submission of Collection Review articles is by invitation only, and they are only published as part of a PLOS Collection as agreed in advance by the PLOS Medicine Editors. No, Is the Subject Area "Labor economics" applicable to this article? For more information, please contactlawjournal@stthomas.edu. Human trafficking Human trafficking has received increasing global attention over the past decade. Provides abstracts of political science articles published in scholarly journals and yearbooks. However, trafficking is not an emergent issue but is historically situated within the profession. These types of abusive work situations are especially viable in low- and middle-income countries [6] where low-cost labor is in high demand and where informal and precarious employment proliferates and labor governance is weak [7, 8]. Human trafficking and other forms of extreme exploitation, including forced labor and forced marriage, now collectively under the terminological umbrella “modern slavery,” are reported to affect an estimated 40.3 million people globally, with 29.4 million considered to be in situations of forced labor [1]. Human trafficking continues to be a research priority for NIJ; however, many challenges are involved. Human slavery did not end with the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. International concerns cover sex and labor slavery, as well as organ and adoption trafficking. For example, victims are highly vulnerable and largely hidden from the public, which makes it particularly difficult to obtain accurate statistics on the amount of people trafficked per year. Extreme exploitation, like other complex social phenomena, such as violence against women or substance misuse, has multiple and interacting causes and effects [25, 26]. All registration fields are required. Journal Articles On Human Trafficking Through the declaration of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, the international community has promised that efforts will be dedicated to reducing poverty, ensuring healthy lives, and, most encouragingly, promoting decent work. These efforts are often based on the premise that, if individuals were more informed about migrating for work, they would be less susceptible to being exploited. Human trafficking is a hidden crime as victims rarely come forward to seek help because of language barriers, fear of the traffickers, and/or fear of law enforcement. PLoS Med 14(11): The elements of coercion, exploitation, and harm link human trafficking with other forms of modern slavery, forced labor and forced marriage. Labor intermediaries and migrant networks frequently play a key role in recruitment processes. This has resulted in increased recognition of the effect of precarious employment, multiple forms of marginalization, and legal and entitlement structures in individual and population health [14]. These interactions are exacerbated by weak labor governance [33] that fails to protect workers from production processes frequently fueled by demands for low-cost goods and services—despite international conventions to protect workers [34]. The exploitation that is at the heart of trafficking comprises different forms of abuse, such as extensive hours, poor pay, extortionate debt, physical confinement, serious occupational hazards, violence, and threats. Understanding Human Trafficking and its Victims . Over half of the world’s 215 million young workers are estimated to be in hazardous sectors including forced sex work and forced street begging [11]. Human trafficking continues to be a research priority for NIJ; however, many challenges are involved. PsycARTICLES, from the APA, is a definitive source of full-text, peer-reviewed scholarly and scientific articles in psychology. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Published by the International Political Science Association. 10.15760/mcnair.2013.79! The economic burden of work-related injury and illness on states is also substantial, with global estimates indicating a worldwide price tag of US$2.8 trillion [23]. Social support and job assistance schemes [51], where available, can mitigate distress migration but are sometimes perceived as inadequate to overcome financial pressures, long-term poverty, or to secure financial self-sufficiency [52]. Providing evidence alongside expert commentary, this collection points to the range of clinical specialties and policy considerations required to address human trafficking as a global health determinant. \\server05\productn\U\UST\6-1\UST112.txt … All rights reserved. The United Nations defines trafficking in persons as “the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation” [2]. History has it that the emergence and appearance of trafficking in persons are believed to have emanated from the slave trade era. Nurses must be aware of sex trafficking as a form of sexual violence in the adolescent population. Portland State University McNair Research Journal 2013 Mexico, Drug Trafficking Organizations, Realism, and Human Security by Nicole McGee Faculty Mentor: Professor Shawn Smallman McGee, Nicole. 247 (2008). Human trafficking and labor exploitation are substantial health determinants that need to be treated as preventable, drawing on public health intervention approaches that target the underlying drivers of exploitation before the harm occurs. For example, there are critical distinctions between various types of labor trafficking and sex trafficking versus conflict-related trafficking. For both communities, a public health approach that treats the harm from exploitation as preventable will help foster interventions on the large scale that is needed. Moreover, a public health approach to prevent human trafficking should simultaneously generate greater attention to its less recognized sibling, labor exploitation. Additionally, as recruitment processes or networks become more established, they can become a regular labor conduit, potentially feeding people into exploitative situations [40]. March 2016 marked the start of the largest human trafficking trial in Thai history. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002437.g002. human trafficking occurs within the same country, although international trafficking has received greater global attention [6]. While the enslavement of humans has been occurring even before the dawn of written history, today's form of slavery occurs on an unprecedented scale in both scope and reach. For information on cookies and how you can disable them visit our Privacy and Cookie Policy. Informal migrant networks or social networks are often thought to confer greater protection from exploitation; however, this is not always the case [39]. Most migrants leave home in search of a better life for themselves and their family, sometimes inspired by income disparities between neighboring migrant and nonmigrant households. The exploitation that is at the heart of trafficking comprises different forms of abuse, such as extensive hours, poor pay, extortionate debt, physical confinement, serious occupational hazards, violence, and threats. No, Is the Subject Area "Employment" applicable to this article? This is the type of evidentiary groundwork that was laid to address complex social problems such as intimate partner violence and that is now included in many routine health surveys and the international calculation of the Global Burden of Disease [25, 64]. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries. Because human trafficking is such a multidimensional problem, what qualifies as human trafficking and the critical aspects of the problem can be framed and described in varied ways. For instance, among posttrafficking service users in the Mekong, an average work day (7 days per week) for fishermen was 19 hours, was 15 hours for domestic workers, and was 13 for factory workers [54]. Memorandum of Understanding; PPE, Main article: Human trafficking in the United States In 2002, Derek Ellerman and Katherine Chon founded a non-government organization called the Polaris Project to combat human trafficking. Human trafficking Human trafficking has received increasing global attention over the past decade. The authors emphasize the need to implement provider training, to be proactively alert to the possibility that patients in emergency departments could be victims of trafficking, and to provide skilled psychiatric interventions in both acute care and reintegration settings. Submit an article. Continuing its great tradition of enriching the scholarly discourse surrounding issues of social and global justice, the . Early discussions about trafficking in persons focused almost solely on sex trafficking of women and girls and drew primarily on law enforcement responses. One shorthand description of mentalization is to see yourself from the outside and to see your patient from the inside—that is, to put yourself in the patient’s shoes and imagine how you would see the world if you had lived the life of the patient. These forms of abuse occur across a spectrum at varying levels of severity. Affiliation Abbreviations: In this introduction to the Collection on Human Trafficking, Exploitation and Health, we describe the magnitude of the problem, discuss the complex characteristics of trafficking, indicate the harm and associated health burden of trafficking, and offer a public health policy framework to guide robust responses to trafficking. Available at: Journal of Psychiatric Practice®24(2):71, March 2018. Human trafficking is modern-day slavery and involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act. Human trafficking also frequently manifests in highly gendered ways [1]. ... Access bills, legislative history, congressional documents back to 1789 and CRS Reports. Search in: Advanced search. Human Trafficking is defined as “the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, ... Children and adolescents at particular risk for human trafficking have a history of sexual abuse, are homeless or runaways, are in foster care, or have been in the juvenile justice system 10. Next, when considering harm, findings from studies around the world indicate consistently that most trafficked people experience violence and hazardous, exhausting work, and few emerge without longer-term, sometimes disabling, physical and psychological damage [54]. When we hear the term “human trafficking” we may automatically think of it as a terrible and inhumane business that occurs in faraway, unfamiliar places—places less “civilized” than our own. New content alerts RSS. Because there has been limited theoretical work conducted on labor exploitation and harm, this broad framework is meant to help guide future intervention research and prevention strategies. More than 40,000 total cases of human trafficking have been reported to the Hotline in the last 10 years. Initially, trafficking of women and girls for forced sex work and, to a lesser extent, domestic servitude, were the sole focus of advocacy and assistance. Ethnic minority and highly marginalized populations are known to work in some of the most exploitative and damaging sectors, such as leather tanning, mining, and stone quarry work [12]. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdon, Citation: Zimmerman C, Kiss L (2017) Human trafficking and exploitation: A global health concern. 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